Boston fern

Nephrolepis exaltata is a tuft-forming fern with 4 to 5 fronds per plant. The fronds are typically 40 to 150 cm long and 5 to 12 cm wide, with a stipe (leaf stalk) measuring 2 to 39 cm. The lamina (leaf blade) tapers gradually over 20 to 25 cm, with basal pinnae (leaflets) 0.6 to 3 cm long and spaced 2 to 2.5 cm apart. The middle pinnae are slightly to distinctly falcate (sickle-shaped). Sterile and fertile pinnae are similar in size and shape, with the fertile ones being slightly smaller. The plant has sparse, spreading scales on its runners and no tubers. The basal scales are peltate, with a light to dark brown central part and a non-hyaline margin. Sori (spore cases) are submarginal or medial, with a reniform (kidney-shaped) indusium. Hairs are absent on the lamina and costae.

Nephrolepis exaltata is found in a variety of habitats, typically at low to middle elevations ranging from sea level to 1170 meters. It can grow as an epiphyte on trees, a terrestrial plant in forest understories, or occasionally as an epilithic (growing on rocks) species. It is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, including parts of the Americas, the Atlantic islands, and some Pacific islands. The species is often associated with moist, shaded environments and is frequently cultivated in gardens and as a houseplant.

Nephrolepis exaltata is widely cultivated for its ornamental value, particularly in the form of the cultivar 'bostoniensis.' It is a popular choice for indoor and outdoor gardens due to its attractive, arching fronds and ease of care. The plant prefers bright, indirect light and high humidity, making it well-suited for bathrooms and other moist environments. It thrives in well-draining, peat-rich soil and requires regular watering. Propagation is typically done through division of the rhizomes or by spores. While it is often associated with the name 'Boston fern,' the cultivars derived from 'bostoniensis' are not necessarily direct descendants of N. exaltata and may have hybrid origins.

Nephrolepis exaltata is primarily used as an ornamental plant in horticulture. It is a popular choice for indoor decoration, especially in homes and offices, due to its lush, feathery fronds and air-purifying qualities. It is also used in landscaping, particularly in shaded garden areas and as a ground cover in tropical and subtropical climates. The plant is sometimes used in floral arrangements and as a decorative element in interior design. Additionally, it has been studied for its potential in phytoremediation, as it can help remove certain pollutants from the air. Despite its widespread cultivation, it is not commonly naturalized outside its native range and is often considered an introduction in many regions.