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Fraxinus excelsior is a deciduous tree that can grow up to 40 meters in height. It has opposite, compound leaves with 7 to 13 leaflets, each 10 to 30 cm long. The leaves are dark green and glossy on the upper surface and lighter underneath. The tree produces small, inconspicuous flowers in early spring, followed by winged seeds known as samaras. These seeds are dispersed by wind and are a key feature in the species' reproduction and spread.

This species is commonly found in a wide range of habitats, including woodlands, river valleys, and open forests. It thrives in temperate climates and prefers well-drained, fertile soils. Fraxinus excelsior is often a dominant species in mixed hardwood forests and is adaptable to various soil types, including clay and loam. It is also found in urban environments and along roadsides due to its resilience and ability to tolerate moderate pollution.

Fraxinus excelsior is relatively easy to cultivate and is widely planted for both ornamental and practical purposes. It is often used in landscaping and as a shade tree in parks and gardens. The tree prefers full sun to partial shade and requires regular watering, especially during the establishment phase. It is generally resistant to pests and diseases, although it can be susceptible to ash dieback, a fungal disease that has affected many populations in Europe. Propagation is typically done through seeds or cuttings.

The wood of Fraxinus excelsior is highly valued for its strength, flexibility, and lightweight properties. It is used in the manufacture of sports equipment such as baseball bats, hockey sticks, and cricket bats. The wood is also used in furniture making, tool handles, and flooring. In addition to its commercial uses, the tree is important in ecological systems, providing habitat and food for various wildlife species. Its seeds are an important food source for birds and small mammals.